Investigation of Thermoelasticity and Creep Behavior of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs)

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have a heterogeneous and advanced structure, and their properties change gradually and continuously from one surface to another. This continuous structure eliminates the delamination problems of layered composite materials. These materials, due to their gradual change in properties, are suitable options for withstanding harsh conditions and mechanical and thermal stresses. On the other hand, they perform better under various environmental and operational conditions, especially in applications that require high resistance to temperature and pressure. This article examines the thermoelasticity and creep behavior of functionally graded materials along with their governing structural equations. Creep in functionally graded materials refers to the time-dependent deformation behavior of a material under continuous loading, which is highly important in mechanical engineering and material analysis. In functionally graded materials, due to the gradual spatia